By Maddy Hayes, Psychosexual Studies Specialist
Abstract
BDSM—an acronym for Bondage & Discipline, Dominance & Submission, and Sadism & Masochism—remains a complex and often misunderstood constellation of sexual and relational practices. While once pathologized, BDSM is increasingly recognized within psychological literature as a valid expression of human sexuality. This article explores the psychological effects of consensual BDSM from clinical, cognitive, and neurobiological perspectives, highlighting its potential to foster emotional intimacy, regulate stress, and enhance identity integration.
Introduction
Historically stigmatized, BDSM was long considered indicative of psychopathology. Early editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) pathologized BDSM-related behaviors as paraphilias. However, revisions in the DSM-5 acknowledged the distinction between atypical sexual interests and clinical disorders, contingent on distress or harm. This paradigmatic shift invites a deeper psychological exploration of BDSM’s emotional, cognitive, and neurobiological implications—particularly when practiced consensually.
1. Consent, Agency, and Cognitive Reframing
Informed Consent as Psychological Grounding
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